The Fascinating History of Drone Warfare

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have allowed U.S. military forces to turn the tide in numerous overseas conflicts as well as in the fight against terrorism without risking military personnel. They have a storied past that dates back centuries. While the history of drones is fascinating, not everyone is a fan of these stealthy, unmanned aircraft. While drones are a big hit among hobbyists, providing a wonderful vantage point from which to capture breathtaking aerial video footage, some people are understandably worried about the invasion of privacy as the craft sail over private property. Not only that, as evolving technology becomes increasingly sophisticated, lethal, and accessible to the masses theres a rising concern that drones can and will be used against us by our enemies. Tesla’s Vision Inventor Nikola Telsa was the first to foresee the coming of militarized unmanned vehicles. In fact, they were just one of several predictions he made while speculating on potential uses for a remote control system he was developing. In the 1898 patent â€Å"Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vessels or Vehicles† (No. 613,809), Telsa described, with remarkable prescience, the wide range of possibilities for his new radio-control technology: The invention which I have described will prove useful in many ways. Vessels or vehicles of any suitable kind may be used, as life, despatch, or pilot boats or the like, or for carrying letters packages, provisions, instruments, objects†¦ but the greatest value of my invention will result from its effect upon warfare and armaments, for by reason of its certain and unlimited destructiveness it will tend to bring about and maintain permanent peace among nations. About three months after filing his patent, Tesla gave the world a glimpse of the possibilities of radio wave technology at the annual Electrical Exhibition held at Madison Square Garden. Before a stunned audience, Tesla demonstrated a control box that transmitted radio signals used to maneuver a toy boat through a pool of water. Outside of a handful of inventors whod already been experimenting with them, few people even knew about the existence of radio waves at the time.   The Miltary Enlists Unmanned Aircraft   Drones have been used in a variety of military capacities: early efforts at eye-in-the-sky reconnaissance, â€Å"aerial torpedoes† during World War II, and as armed aircraft in the war in Afghanistan. Even as far back as Teslas time, his contemporaries in the armed forces were beginning to see how remotely-controlled vehicles might be used to gain certain strategic advantages. For example, during the Spanish-American War of 1898, the U.S. military was able to deploy camera-equipped kites to take some of the first aerial surveillance photographs of enemy fortifications. (An even earlier example of military use of unmanned aircraft—albeit not radio-controlled—took place during an 1849 attack on Venice by Austrian forces using balloons packed with explosives.) Improving the Prototype: Directive Gyroscopes While the idea of unmanned craft showed definite promise for combat applications, it wasn’t until around World War I that military forces began to experiment with ways to further Tesla’s initial vision and attempt to integrate radio-controlled systems into various types of unmanned aircraft. One of the earliest efforts was the 1917 Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, a costly and elaborate collaboration between the U.S. Navy and inventors Elmer Sperry and Peter Hewitt to develop a radio-controlled airplane that could be used as a pilotless bomber or flying torpedo. Perfecting a gyroscope system that could automatically keep the aircraft stabilized became crucial. The auto-pilot system that Hewitt and Sperry eventually came up with featured a gyroscopic stabilizer, a directive gyroscope, a barometer for altitude control, radio-controlled wing and tail features, and a gearing device to measure the distance flown. Theoretically, these improvements would enable the aircraft to fly a pre-set course to a target where it would then either drop a bomb or simply crash, exploding its payload. The Automatic Airplane designs were encouraging enough that the Navy supplied seven Curtiss N-9 seaplanes to be outfitted with the technology and poured an additional $200,000 into research and development. Ultimately, after several failed launches and wrecked prototypes, the project was scrapped but not before completing one successful flying bomb launch that proved the concept was at least plausible. The Kettering Bug While the Navy teamed up with Hewitt and Sperry, the U.S. Army commissioned another inventor, General Motor’s head of research Charles Kettering, to work on a separate â€Å"aerial torpedo† project. They also tapped Sperry to develop the torpedo’s control and guidance system and even brought in Orville Wright as an aviation consultant. That collaboration resulted in the Kettering Bug, an auto-piloted biplane programmed to carry a bomb directly to a pre-determined target.   The Bug had a range of about 40 miles, flew at a top speed nearing 50 mph, and held a payload of 82 kilograms (180  pounds) of explosives. It was also equipped with a counter programmed to count the total number of engine revolutions necessary for the craft to reach its predetermined target (allowing for variables of wind speed and direction that were figured into the calculation when the counter was set). Once the requisite number of engine revolutions was reached, two things happened: a cam fell into place shutting down the engine and the wing bolts retracted, causing the wings to fall off. This sent the Bug into its final trajectory, where it detonated on impact.   In 1918, the Kettering Bug completed a successful test flight, prompting the Army to place a large order for their production. However, the Kettering Bug suffered a similar fate to the Navys Automatic Airplane and was never used in combat, partly due to concerns that the system might malfunction and detonate a payload prior to reaching its target in hostile territory. While both projects were scrapped for their initial purpose, in retrospect, the Automatic Airplane and Kettering Bug played significant roles in the development of modern-day cruise missiles. From Target Practice to Spy in the Sky The post-World War I period saw the British Royal Navy take the early lead in the development of radio-controlled unmanned aircraft. These British UAVs (target drones) were programmed to mimic the movements of enemy aircraft and were employed during anti-aircraft training for target practice. One drone often employed for this purpose—a radio-controlled version of the de Havilland Tiger Moth airplane known as the DH.82B Queen Bee—is thought to be the source from which the term â€Å"drone† hatched.   The initial headstart the British enjoyed was relatively short-lived. In 1919, Reginald Denny, a serviceman late of the British Royal Flying Corps, emigrated to the United States, where he opened a model plane shop. Dennys enterprise went on to become the Radioplane Company, the first large-scale producer of drones. After having demonstrated a number of prototypes to the U.S. Army, in 1940, Denny got a huge break, procuring a contract for the manufacture of Radioplane OQ-2 drones. By the end of World War II, the company had supplied the Army and Navy with 15,000 drone craft. A Hollywood Sidenote In addition to drones, the Radioplane Company had the distinction of launching the career of one of Hollywoods most legendary starlets. In 1945, Denny’s friend (film star and future President of the United States) Ronald Reagan sent military photographer David Conover to capture snapshots of factory workers assembling Radioplanes for the Army’s weekly magazine. One of the employees he photographed was a young woman named Norma Jean Baker. Baker later quit her assembly job and went on to model for Conover at other photoshoots. Eventually, after changing her name to Marilyn Monroe, her career really took off.   Combat Drones The World War II era also marked the introduction of drones in combat operations. In fact, the conflict between the Allied and Axis powers revitalized the development of aerial torpedoes, which could now be made to be more accurate and destructive. One particularly devastating weapon was Nazi Germany’s V-1 rocket, a.k.a, the Buzz Bomb. This flying bomb, the brainchild of brilliant German rocket engineer Wernher von Braun, was designed to hit urban targets and incur civilian casualties. It was guided by a gyroscopic autopilot system that helped carry a 2,000-pound warhead upward of 150 miles. As the first wartime cruise missile, the Buzz Bomb was responsible for killing 10,000 civilians and injuring around 28,000 more. After World War II, the U.S. military started repurposing target drones for reconnaissance missions. The first unmanned aircraft to undergo such a conversion was the Ryan Firebee I, which in 1951 demonstrated the ability to stay aloft for two hours while reaching an altitude of 60,000 feet. Converting the Ryan Firebee into a reconnaissance platform led to the development of the Model 147 FireFly and Lightning Bug series, both of which were used extensively during the Vietnam War. During the height of the Cold War, the U.S. military turned its focus toward stealthier spy aircraft, a notable example being the Mach 4 Lockheed D-21. Attack of the Armed Drone The notion of armed drones (as opposed to guided missiles) being used for battle purposes didnt really come into play until the 21st century. The most suitable candidate was the Predator RQ-1 manufactured by General Atomics. First tested and put into service in 1994 as a surveillance drone, the Predator RQ-1 was capable of traveling a distance of 400 nautical miles and could remain airborne for 14 hours straight. Its most significant advantage, however, was that it could be controlled from a distance of thousands of miles via satellite link. On October 7, 2001, armed with laser-guided Hellfire missiles, a Predator drone launched the first-ever combat strike by a remotely piloted aircraft in Kandahar, Afghanistan in an effort to neutralize suspected Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar. While the mission failed to take out its intended target, the event marked the dawn of a new era of militarized drones. Since then, unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) such as the Predator and General Atomics’ larger and more capable MQ-9 Reaper have completed thousands of missions, sometimes with unintentional consequences. While  2016 statistics released by President Obama revealed that 473 strikes had accounted for between 2,372 and 2,581 combatant deaths since 2009, according to a 2014 report in The Guardian, the civilian death toll resulting from drone strikes was, at the time, in the neighborhood of 6,000. Sources Ackermann, Spencer. 41 Men Targeted but 1,147 People Killed: US Drone Strikes—the facts on the Ground. The Guardian, November 24, 2014Shane, Scott. Drone Strike Statistics Answer Few Questions and Raise Many. The New York Times, July 3, 2016Evans, Nicholas D. â€Å"Military Gadgets: How Advanced Technology Is Transforming Todays Battlefield...and Tomorrows.† Prentiss Hall, 2003

Affirmative Action Fisher V The University Of Texas Essay

Affirmative Action: Fisher v The University of Texas Affirmative Action. For many Texas high school students, these two words haunt them. Their future, or at least their future at the University of Texas, depends on these words. For Abigail Noel Fisher, a 2008 graduate from Sugar Land, Texas, affirmative action and its race bias policies allegedly ruined her chances of getting into this prestigious state university. Fisher argues that race should not be a factor in college admissions processes, Fisher argues for equality. Equality in respect to race is in our constitution; it surrounds us everyday. In theory, race should be irrelevant in this day and age. Humanity has established that one race is not superior to another, so why should race matter at all in the college admissions process? Why should the University of Texas, or any other university, have that â€Å"check your race† box on their applications? Abigail Fisher, and every other person applying to the university, deserves as much opportunity as every other student of an y race. When it comes to college, intelligence and character should be key to admission- not the color of the applicant’s skin. The University of Texas’ current affirmative action policy is an unfair college admissions process that the Supreme Court should ban so that admissions are based on intellectual ability in high school, national testing scores, extracurricular activities, and community service; this should be changed so that every person,Show MoreRelatedThe Supreme Court s Decision On Affirmative Action On The Fisher V. University Of Texas Case2292 Words   |  10 PagesThe newspaper article appears to be a news report about the Supreme Court’s decision on affirmative action on the Fisher v. University of Texas case. 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It is safe to say that Grutter enumerated five basic questions that would determine whether race conscious admissions policies are constitutional. â€Å"(1) Whether the program offers a competitive review of all applications without quotas or separate tracts that isolate minoritiesRead MoreA Race Based Admissions Program Is Consistent With The Fourteenth Amendment973 Words   |  4 PagesIt has been argued that Fisher III neither provides any substantive additions to Equal Protection Clause (EPC) Jurisprudence, nor any guidance to lower courts how to apply Grutter and determine whether a race-based admissions program is consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment. Danielle Holley-Walker, in her article published in winter of 2014, explores the impact Fisher III has on race-conscious admissions programs, and argues that Fisher III enhances the strict scrutiny analysis, especially whenRead MoreAffirmative Action- Negative Team1486 Words   |  6 PagesModule 03: Group Position Paper: Affirmative Action Affirmative Action: Negative Team 1 Diversity in the Workplace Professor Linda Noeth Center for Distance Learning SUNY Empire State College Slavery in America can be traced all the way back to colonial times, or as historians have dated; 1619. Although slavery had technically been abolished by the late 1800’s, issues over race still remained prominent. Regulations such as â€Å"Jim Crow Laws†, that claimed

Implications for International Marketing Managers Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Implications for International Marketing Managers Strategy. Answer: Introduction: In the year of 2012, Google was recognized as the third powerful brand in the world just after Apple and IBM (Google, 2016). The estimated brand value of the company is $108 billion. The revenue of the company is $ 36.5 billion. The name of the company comes from the number googol 1 followed by 100 zeros. It refers to the enormous amount of data accessible online that the organization helps its users to find. The mission of the company is To organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful. Form the starting period, Google strives to become one of the good guys in the corporate world (Greenwald MacAskill, 2013). The company always tries to develop employee friendly work environment along with strong business ethics. The company has developed a famous funding credo Dont be evil. The organization has developed a program named AdSense that allows any Website to shoe targeted Google ads in accordance to the content of the site (Google, 2016). It provides online real estate for advertisers. The company adds values by offering tools to websites so that they can aim their ads and better recognize the efficiency of their marketing. In addition, Google supports a marketing style that can constantly monitor and optimize advertising budget and resources. This approach of Google is known Marketing asset management. The company is presently the third most powerful brand in the world. In future, the company will try to take top position in this category. So far the company has taken all correct decisions. The company Google has invested a lot of money for traditional marketing. The company has targeted consumers of Microsoft with the appeal to use the cloud computing of Google instead of using Windows or Microsoft office. With the help of Go Google a user can get access to all documents with the help of web browsers, without having any software and physical infrastructure (Greenwald MacAskill, 2013). The company has also invested in the mobile category and developed Android platform. Google goes head-to-head with Apples iPhone. Android is a free and opened sourced and it is backed by a multi-million dollar company. It influences million users to use Android Smartphone. The company earns billion of dollars from Android mobile ads. In the year of 2010, the Google has launched its own Android phone Nexus (Google, 2016). However, the company has some issues with the Chinese government. In the year of 2010, the company threatened to leave China due to censorship issues (Google, 2016). For this reason, the Google closed its internet search engine in China and then users of China have to use it uncensored search engine of Hong Kong. However, this issue has angered Chinese officials. Microsoft Microsoft is recognized as the most successful software company. It strategic marketing and aggressive growth tactics helped the company to become one of the most powerful brands in the world. Throughout the period of 1990s the company has convinced that the software is the best choice of business. In addition, it needs to be upgraded regularly (Han et al., 2013). It invested millions of dollars in magazine advertising. It helped the company to get endorsement form top computer magazines. The company had taken three major steps during the period of Browser war to increase its business. At first the company combined Internet Explorer with other Office product. It includes MS word, Excel and PowerPoint. Secondly, the company made partnership with AOL, which increased 5 million customers for the company (Microsoft, 2016). Thirdly the company used its deep pockets to make sure that Internet Explorer was accessible for free. All these three strategies helped the organization to survive du ring the recession period of 2008. The company had created a campaign named Windows, Life without Walls to show how cost effective their computers are (Berthon et al., 2012). When the company Microsoft comes out with Vista, it almost tried to company Apples navigation technique. According to Han et al. (2013) Microsofts Im a PC campaign enhanced the desire of the company to become trendy like Macs. In most of the cases they often show PCs and Macs together. The company is not doing well by acknowledging Apples campaign in its marketing advertisement. As Person (2013) stated that, it confused most of the customers. They are not able to recognize what the ads are targeting. However, in their recent market campaign, the company has done a much better job. It illustrates a Microsoft loyalist requires a fancy new computer. She is taken to a room full of innovation by Microsoft, where she gets her modified and updated computer. Overall it can be stated that Microsofts Im a PC campaign is a poor decision. The company should focus more on portable technologies like tablets and smart phones. IDEO IDEO is one of the largest design consultancies in US (Ideo, 2016). The organization has developed some most popular design icons in the age of Technology. It includes the first laptop computer and the first mouse for the company Apple. The success story of the company IDEO can be predicted by an approach called design thinking. As Shani and Chalasani (2013) stated that, this technology is based human centered approach. It helps the company to find out consumers purchasing behaviour. In addition, prototyping can help IDEO to become a highly successful company. As Person (2013) mentioned that the prototyping takes place throughout the process of designing. The company encourages its customers and even senior executive to participate in the research work. It helps them to get a sense of customers related with products and services (Ideo, 2016). One of the biggest challenges of research that the company is facing is related with customers as most of the research work is based on them. As Shani and Chalasani (2013) stated that the research work of the company is highly depends on interaction with customers. However, customer interaction often becomes problematic for the company. In addition the approach of human shadowing is ethically questioned. Many customers feel that their privacy is often infringed by this approach. Every approach taken by the company has its own challenges and opportunities. However, the company has developed an attractive research process to overcome these challenges, so that it can provide positive result. The primary business of IDEO is conducting the research, analysis and drawing a conclusion to in order to advise the client companies. In this context, IDEO does not have the immediate necessity to create more awareness regarding its brand. As the business is operated on the principle of suggesting others business setting for paving a successful business path, it restrict to promote their project to the other business due to confidentiality clause with the client companies. The brand image of IDEO is currently growing within the business world without any apparent hurdles (Chudasr, Walker Evans, 2013). According to the professional opinion, the current impression of the companys brand awareness is highly impressive and does not need any touch regarding the development of brand awareness of IDEO. As IDEO does not deal with general populace directly, the brand awareness development will be futile effort for enhancing their business. In this aspect, the company must focus on stating their accomplishment as well as working with various successful projects. It will enhance their appeal to the business world, which will evidently benefit them with an elevated business. Considering these facts, the company should continue their fantastic journey and developing strong loyalty base with the existing client business organizations Ideo, 2016). JIM Thompson Thai Silk Company In order to extend the product line of Jim Thompson Thai Silk (JTTS), the company focused on the use of customized fabrics. The company made collaboration with the American designer company Turtles with the focus of customizing as well as delivering fabrics to the market. The collaborated companies worked on the project of various hospitality settings. These settings are mostly Park Hyatt Hotels as well as Aman Resorts. The supplied products are mostly based on furnishing materials of various premium settings of hospitality, tourism and leisure industry (Graham, 2013). For example, JTTS supplied the furnishing materials of 9000 square meters to The Park Hyatt Paris. In addition to that, The Regent, Sukhothai, The Oriental as well as Conrad are the most effective client of JTTS. I do not think that JTTS has extended too much concerning their business objectives. The company was founded based on the Thai silk culture, which offers an exclusive unification of western design as well as Thai heritage and tradition. The company still promotes the Thai silk tradition to the customers. In this context, it has been identified that JTTS still focuses on promoting the various implementation of Thai silk. As inconsistent knots of grains characterize Thai silk, it only can be packetized as furnishing materials. Therefore, it is evident that JTTS did not extend too much (Jimthompson.com, 2016). I think that JTTS has a very strong impression between the tourist as well as generic population in the context of providing experience of Thai culture. The major strong point of the company is that it is robustly linked with the culture of Thailand where the Thai silk culture and heritage is concerned. The customers are mostly focused on obtaining the unique Thai silk garments as well as lifestyle products as a gift or for their personal use. It is identified that JTTS holds a strong customer base, which are majorly populated by the Japanese tourists (Volz, 2012). The current statistics shows that 40 percent of the sales in Thailand are performed depending on the Japanese tourists. This record also indicates that 80 percent sales in Malaysia as well as Singapore are supported by the Japanese tourist. In this context, it is observed that Japanese tourist as well as others customers are highly attracted towards the most impressive implementation of Thai silk. This sole business approa ch has enhanced the success opportunity of JTTS and distinguished its business approach with the other lifestyle companies (Jimthompson.com, 2016). Fulla Dolls: The Alternative Barbie Since the beginning of Fulla doll, the company has focused on the Syrian market targeting the Muslim communities using selective target marketing. The significant advantages of selective target marketing are that the company will be able to grasp the entire base of the target customers. It will provide the feature with its product that will appeal a selective portion of the general population (Sohail, Naz Malik, 2014). This way the company can earn complete loyalty from that community. Fulla doll effectively took advantage of this strategy and became the role model of the girls from Muslim community. Almost entire female childhood generation of Syria sustained the complete business of Fulla doll for a long time. However, the company also faces a severe difficulty to expand its business with the selective target marketing. In order to attract more customers, the company needs to include various other features into their products. This approach can hinder the appeal of Fulla doll among the Muslim community, which can reduce the brand image of Fulla doll. The exclusive attention on the Muslim communities has restricted the company to expand its business in other region (Fulla.com, 2016). It has been identified that Fulla doll cannot successfully expand to outer region where the presence Muslim community is not very strong. In the current context, Fulla doll may expand their business to neighbor countries where the majority of the population is enriched with the Muslim communities (Dunn Dunn, 2016). The company can gain a supreme customer base where Fulla doll will be welcomed in a generous fashion. Moreover, Fulla doll needs to make a vigorous online presence with their product. In the era of globalization, Muslim people are leveling in entire world. The online market will help them to reach those customers in an easy way. While Fulla doll had been operating their business in domestic market of Syria, they did not feel any necessity to consider other marketing strategy than selective target marketing techniques. As the entire population of Syria, belong from Muslim communities, the company segmentation was not too selective (Saleh, 2014). However, the international expansion approach compelled them to consider other communities. As the current era of globalization has blended all of the communities throughout the globe, the current segmentation that is focusing on solely Muslim communities, is excessively selective. Therefore, the company needs to find out a way to transform its business approach without any hindrance (Fulla.com, 2016). Reference List: Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), PP.261-271. Chudasri, D., Walker, S., Evans, M. (2013). Directions for Design Contributions to the Sustainable Development of the Handicrafts Sector in Northern Thailand.IASDR 2013, 24-30. Dunn, R., Dunn, A. G. (2016). Bad Dolls/Reappropriating Badness Performing the Feminine with Reference to Arab Muslim Dolls and Tiqquns Young-Girl.Journal of Middle East Women's Studies,12(2), 275-283. Fulla.com,. (2016).Fulla Live The Dream The Official Site.Fulla.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://fulla.com/ Google,. (2016).Google.Google.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.google.com Graham, M. (2013). Thai silk dot com: authenticity, altruism, modernity and markets in the Thai silk industry.Globalizations,10(2), 211-230. Greenwald, G., MacAskill, E. (2013). NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others.The Guardian,7(6), 1-43. Han, J., Shao, L., Xu, D., Shotton, J. (2013). Enhanced computer vision with microsoft kinect sensor: A review.IEEE transactions on cybernetics,43(5), pp.1318-1334. Ideo,. (2016).IDEO | A Design and Innovation Consulting Firm.Ideo.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.ideo.com/ Jimthompson.com,. (2016).JIM THOMPSON - The Thai Silk Company | Fabrics, Restaurants and Bars, Shop Online, Publications, Farm.Jimthompson.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.jimthompson.com/index.asp Microsoft,. (2016).Microsoft Official Home Page.Microsoft.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.microsoft.com Person, R. (2013).Balanced scorecards and operational dashboards with microsoft excel. John Wiley Sons. Saleh, L. (2014, May). She's Fulla Something: The Fulla Doll, Identity and Consumption in a Globalizing Arab World. InCPSA Annual Conference. Shani, D., Chalasani, S. (2013). Exploiting niches using relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing. Sohail, R., Naz, R., Malik, N. A. (2014). A Postcolonial Study of Barbie Phenomena and its Implication in Pakistani Urban Context.European Academic Research,11(5), 6949-6980. Volz, K. (2012). Space within the surface: the patterned surfaces of Florence Broadhurst and Jim Thompson.

Winning Attitude Essay Example For Students

Winning Attitude Essay A winning attitude is being a good sport. People who always brag about winning dont have a winning attitude. Not all people have a winning attitude. Although a lot do. When you play a game and a person always says that they are going to win, then they dont have a winning attitude. When you are playing a game with somebody and both of you play fair then you both have winning attitudes. A winning attitude helps alot in games. Some people only care about winning. Thats not a winning attitude. When you play a game and the other person loses, if they are all upset and angry, they should not play because they dont have a winning attitude. Sometimes people like to cheat just to win a game. When half of the time the person who cheated ends up losing. Then they look bad because they lost even though they cheated. So, dont cheat, cheaters never win. Always play fair. When you play a game dont be rude to the other player(s). And dont be rude to your own teammates. If you play a game like basketball, dont be a ballhog and not pass the ball to anyone else. Share the ball and let the team win the game, dont win the game for the team. Just one person cant win the whole game by themself. It takes a whole team to win. Teamwork is what makes the team, and what gives you, and the rest of the team a winning attitude. All of these factors are important to have a winning attitude. Even when you lose a game you still need a winning attitude. After the game go shake hands with the other team. Say good game or good job. If you or somebody you know gets all mad or upset if they lose a game tell them that they dont have a winning attitude. Even if you have a winning attitude encourage others to have one too. The more winning attitudes, the more winners, or example; After a baseball game you dont see the baseball players yelling or screaming at eachother. They ALL walk out on the field and shake hands a nd say good game. So remember, even if you win or lose, you should always have a winning attitude.

Business Environment Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy Essay Example

Business Environment Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy Paper Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy Economic Environment refers to all those economic factors, which have a bearing on the functioning of a business. Business depends on the economic environment for all the needed inputs. It also depends on the economic environment to sell the finished goods. Naturally, the dependence of business on the economic environment is total and is not surprising because, as it is rightly said, business is one unit of the total economy. Economic environment influences the business to a great extent. It refers to all those economic factors which affect the functioning of a business unit. Dependence of business on economic environment is total -? I. E. For input and also to sell the finished goods. Trained economists supplying the Macro economic forecast and research are found in major companies in manufacturing, commerce and finance which prove the importance of economic environment in business. The following factors constitute economic environment of business: (a) Economic system (b) Economic planning (c) Industry (d) Agriculture (e) Infrastructure (f) Financial fiscal sectors (g) Removal of regional imbalances h) Price distribution controls (I) Economic reforms (j) Human resource and (k) Per capita income and national income The state became the encourager of savings and also an important investor and the owner of capital. Since the state was to be the primary agent of economic change, it followed that private sector activities had to be strictly regulated and controlled to conform to the objectives of state policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Environment Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Business Environment Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Business Environment Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The growth strategy also meant, in the early years of planning, a relative neglect Of public investments in agriculture. This negligence Of agriculture sector was purported by the general view that the increase labor in the developing countries could only be absorbed in the industry, and that during the early stages of industrialization, it was necessary for agriculture to contribute in the establishment of modern industry by offering inexpensive work force. A faster development of industry was the central objective of planning. The above is a thumbnail sketch of the growth strategy followed by the planners in the past four decades. Fiscal policy may be defined as a logic under which the government uses its expenditure and revenue programmed to produce desirable effect avoid undesirable effect on national income, production and unemployment. It emphasizes the effect of government expenditure and revenue upon total economy and argues that they should be used deliberately and consciously as a balancing factor to secure economic stabilization. Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation s economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which central bank influences a nations money supply. These two policies are used in various combinations to direct a countrys economic goals. Gerhard Cool defines fiscal policy as the conduct of government expenditure, revenues and debt management in such a way as to take fully into account the effect of these operations in the allocation of resources and the flow of funds and thereby their influence on the level of income prices employment and production. In the modern government organization the amounts of public expenditures, revenues and public debt are so huge, that they have gun to assume a major importance in the national economy. The desired fiscal policy can be pursued by budgetary measures like taxation, expenditure, public debt etc. ROLE OF FISCAL POLICY He role of fiscal policy in regulating the economy and protecting it from the ills of the market mechanism were recognized very slowly. Earlier, governments were wedded to the traditional ideals of sound budgetary policy of avoiding deficits. Such a policy, amongst other things, was causing to problems. One was as Keynes pointed the fact that an attempt to balance the budget would put it to an unbalance and vice-versa. The second was that through the process of balanced budget multiplier, the budget was adding to the severity of cyclical fluctuations. It was with great difficulty that the appropriateness and usefulness of the fiscal policy in combating the ills of the economy were recognized, especially during the great Depression of 1 sass. It was conceded that the government had a primary responsibility of helping the economy towards stabilization. As mentioned earlier, the role of fiscal policy in promoting economic stability was recognized slowly, and not sufficiently till the Great Depression of 1 sass. Actually, as Keynes pointed out ,the orthodox sound budgetary policy of avoiding deficits itself contributed towards greater instability and made the task of keeping the budget balanced, all the more difficult. This in fact, generated a perverse policy on the part of the authorities, pushing the expenditure and demand in the economy down during a period of depression and pushing them up during a boom. The development of the concepts of multiplier, and accelerator and the relationship between the macro-variables like investment, Income consumption and savings enabled the economics to visualize more clearly the shines of trade cycles and the role which fiscal policy could play. This gave rise to the principle of compensatory finance and functional finance. It was realized that through fiscal policy , the government could to a great extent, neutralize the destabilize movements in the economy. The general theoretical farm work was that a depression is caused by a deficiency of effective demand. Fiscal policy should remedy it by increasing public expenditure and by encouraging private expenditure; similarly during a boom period the need is to control the demand which again can be partly done wrought curtailing public expenditure and party through curbing the private expenditure. HOW FISCAL POLICY WORKS? Fiscal policy is based on the theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes. Also known as Keynesian economics, this theory basically states that governments can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending. This influence, in turn, curbs inflation (generally considered to be healthy when between 2-3%), increases employment and maintains a healthy value of money. Fiscal policy is very important to the economy. For example, in 201 2 many worried that the fiscal cliff, a simultaneous increase in tax rates and cuts in government spending set to occur in January 2013, would send the U S. Economy back to recession. The US. Congress avoided this problem by passing the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 on Jan. 1, 2013. BALANCING ACT The idea, however, is to find a balance between changing tax rates and public spending. For example, stimulating a stagnant economy by increasing spending or lowering taxes runs the risk of causing inflation to rise. This is because an increase in the amount of money in the economy, followed by an increase in consumer demand, can result in a decrease in the value of money meaning that it would take more money to buy something that has not changed in value. Tees say that an economy has slowed down. Unemployment levels are up, consumer spending is down and businesses are not making substantial profits. A government thus decides to fuel the economys engine by decreasing taxation, which gives consumers more spending money, while increasing government spending in the form of buying services from the market (such as building roads or schools). By paying for such services, the overspent creates jobs and wages that are in turn pumped into the economy. Pumping money into the economy by decreasing taxation and increasing government spending is also known as pump priming. In the meantime, overall unemployment levels will fall. With more money in the economy and fewer taxes to pay, consumer demand for goods and services increases. This, in turn, rekindles businesses and turns the cycle around from stagnant to active. If, however, there are no reins on this process, the increase in economic productivity can cross over a very fine line and lead to too much money in the market. This excess in supply creases the value of money while pushing up prices (because of the increase in demand for consumer products). Hence, inflation exceeds the reasonable level. For this reason, fine tuning the economy through fiscal policy alone can be a difficult, if not improbable, means to reach economic goals. If not closely monitored, the line between a productive economy and one that is infected by inflation can be easily blurred. And When the Economy Needs to Be Curbed . When inflation is too strong, the economy may need a slowdown. In such a situation, a government can use fiscal policy to increase taxes to suck money UT of the economy. Fiscal policy could also dictate a decrease in government spending and thereby decrease the money in circulation. Of course, the possible negative effects of such a policy in the long run could be a sluggish economy and high unemployment levels. Nonetheless, the process continues as the government uses its fiscal policy to fine-tune spending and taxation levels, with the goal of evening out the business cycles. WHO DOES FISCAL POLICY AFFECT? Unfortunately, the effects of any fiscal policy are not the same for everyone. Depending on the political orientations and goals of the policymakers, a tax UT could affect only the middle class, which is typically the largest economic group. In times of economic decline and rising taxation, it is this same group that may have to pay more taxes than the wealthier upper class. Similarly, when a government decides to adjust its spending, its policy may affect only a specific group of people. A decision to build a new bridge, for example, will give work and more income to hundreds of construction workers. A decision to spend money on building a new space shuttle, on the other hand, benefits only a small, specialized pool of experts, which would to do much to increase aggregate employment levels. WHAT IS MONETARY POLICY? Socio-economic objectives of the economy. Monetary policy influences the us apply of money the cost of money or the rate of interest and the availability of money. One of the most important functions of Reserve Bank, is to formulate and administer a monetary policy. Such a policy refers to the use of instruments of credit control by the Reserve Bank so as to regulate the amount of credit creation by the banks. It also aims at varying the cost and availability of credit with a view to influence the level of aggregate demand for odds and services in the economy. D. C. Rowan defined Monetary Policy discretionary act undertaken by the authorities designed to influence (a) the us apply of money (b) cost of money or rate of interest and (c) the availability of money. One of the twin aims of the economic policy is to accelerate the process of economic growth with a view to raise the national income. The Reserve bank, has made the allocation of funds to the various sectors according to the priorities laid down in the plans and requirements of day or day development The second objective is to control the prices and reduce the inflationary erasures in the economy. The monetary policy of the Reserve Bank during the planning period is appropriately termed as that of Controlled expansion. Every economy faces two conflicting interests: (a) Expansion of money supply to finance the process of economic development. (b) Control of money supply to check inflationary pressure generated in the economy as a result of vast development and non- development expenditure. Thus, controlled expansion of money supply was essential for growth with reasonable. To achieve the above mentioned objectives of the monetary policy, the Reserve Bank has adopted the allowing: (a) Measures for expansion of currency and credit (b) Measures for controlling of credit. POLITICAL IMPACT ON BUSINESS party. In this way political environment of a country has great impact on the business houses. The dominated role of public sector in our country is outcome of socialist pattern of society adopted by the Congress Party. In short, important economic policies such as industrial policy, foreign capital policy, fiscal policy and import policy are often political decisions which houses. A stable and dynamic political environment is indispensable for business growth. The political institutions I. E. Slaughter, Executive and Judiciary plays important role in economic policies as well as in development of country whereas the legislature is vested with most vital powers like policy making, budget making and executive control. The decisions of the legislature affect each and every activity of business houses. Legislatures have to check that profit earning is not only justified but also whether the activities of business houses are in a manner beneficial to the society. The other important political institution is the Executives of the actual law and policies enforcing agency. What the legislative made in their chamber actually come in force in the hands of executives. In the way the functions of executive also effects the economic development. Some times the legislature makes some policies but there is conflict between the executives and business houses about implementation. In case of such conflicts, the judiciary, the third important political institution resolves the conflicts. It is the power of the judiciary to settle legal disputes that effect business considerably. It is therefore necessary to discuss about the impact of political and legal environment on the economy. Depending upon the nature and stage of development of the economy, the behavior of the private sector, the political philosophy, social attitudes, administration system etc. It is a universal phenomenon that state controls economy. In the modern era, two most powerful institutions in the society are business and government which meet on common grounds or otherwise together they determine the public policy both foreign and domestic for a nation. But four corner development of a country is only possible if the government plays significant role in the economy of a country. Normally government plays for important roles in an economy and Government regulation of the economy may be broadly divided into two parts; direct and indirect control. The reservation of industries to small scale, public and cooperative sector, licensing system, import and export regulations, the subsidies for different sectors are some examples of regulatory measurements of the governments. For the development of economy, state/government will have to assume direct responsibility to build up and strengthen the necessary development of infrastructure I. E. Rainspout, rower, finance, marketing and institutions for training and guidance along with other promotional activities. A well planned economy may lead to a country on the path Of development. State especially plays important role in planning economy. How to use resources the achieve the goal within the time frame set etc. Are the basic needs for proper development of economy and proper planning is most important tool for the same. Sometimes to boost-up the economic development government plays the role of entrepreneur. It establishes the business enterprises and bear the risks.

Neurotransmitters Definition and List

Neurotransmitters Definition and List Neurotransmitters are chemicals that cross synapses to transmit impulses from a neuron to another neuron, glandular cell, or muscle cell. In other words, neurotransmitters are used to send signals from one part of the body to another. Over 100 neurotransmitters are known. Many are simply constructed from amino acids. Others are more complex molecules. Neurotransmitters perform many vital functions in the body. For example, they regulate heartbeat, tell the lungs when to breathe, determine the set point for weight, stimulate thirst, affect mood, and control digestion. The synaptic cleft was discovered by Spanish pathologist  Santiago Ramà ³n y Cajal in the early 20th century. In 1921, German pharmacologist Otto Loewi verified that communication between neurons was the result of released chemicals. Loewi discovered the first known neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. How Neurotransmitters Work The axon terminal of a synapse stores neurotransmitters in vesicles. When stimulated by an action potential, synaptic vesicles of a synapse release neurotransmitters, which cross the small distance (synaptic cleft) between an axon terminal and a dendrite via diffusion. When the neurotransmitter binds a receptor at the dendrite, the signal is communicated. The neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft for a short time. Then it is either returned to the presynaptic neuron through the process of reuptake, metabolized by enzymes, or bound to the receptor. When a neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic neuron, it can either excite it or inhibit it. Neurons are often connected to other neurons, so at any given time a neuron  may be subject to multiple neurotransmitters. If the stimulus for excitation is greater than the inhibitory effect, the neuron will fire and create an action potential that releases neurotransmitters to another neuron. Thus, a signal is conducted from one cell to the next. Types of Neurotransmitters One method of classifying neurotransmitters is based on their chemical composition. Categories include: Amino acids: ÃŽ ³-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate, glutamate, glycine, D-serineGases: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO)Monoamines: dopamine, epinephrine, histamine, norepinephrine, serotoninPeptides:  ÃŽ ²-endorphin, amphetamines, somatostatin, enkephalinPurines: adenosine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Trace amines: octopamine, phenethylamine, trypramineOther molecules: acetylcholine, anandamideSingle ions: zinc The other major method of categorizing neurotransmitters is according to whether they are excitatory or inhibitory. However, whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on its receptor. For example, acetylcholine is inhibitory to the heart (slows heart rate), yet excitatory to skeletal muscle (causes it to contract). Important Neurotransmitters Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in humans, used by about half of the neurons in the human brain. It is the primary excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system. One of its functions is to help form memories. Interestingly, glutamate is toxic to neurons. Brain damage or a stroke can lead to an excess of glutamate, killing neurons.GABA is the primary inhibitory transmitter in the vertebrate brain. It helps to control anxiety. GABA deficiency may result in seizures.Glycine is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate spinal cord.Acetylcholine stimulates muscles, functions in the autonomic nervous system and sensory neurons, and is associated with REM sleep. Many poisons act by blocking acetylcholine receptors. Examples include botulin, curare, and hemlock. Alzheimers disease is associated with a significant drop in acetylcholine levels.Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) increases heart rate and blood pressure. It is part of the bodys fight or flight syst em. Norepinephrine is also needed to form memories. Stress depletes stores of this neurotransmitter. Dopamine is an inhibitory transmitter associated with the reward center of the brain. Low dopamine levels are associated with social anxiety and Parkinsons disease, while excess dopamine is related to schizophrenia.Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in mood, emotion, and perception. Low serotonin levels can lead to depression, suicidal tendencies, anger management issues, difficulty sleeping, migraines, and an increased craving for carbohydrates. The body can synthesize serotonin from the amino acid tryptophan, which is found in foods such as warm milk and turkey.Endorphins are a class of molecules similar to opioids (e.g., morphine, heroin) in terms of structure and function. The word endorphin is short for endogenous morphine. Endorphins are inhibitory transmitters associated with pleasure and pain relief. In other animals, these chemicals slow metabolism and permit hibernation.

Kant's Metaphysics of Morals, the Importance of Duty Essay

Kant's Metaphysics of Morals, the Importance of Duty - Essay Example All of which were important aspects in the moral determination of the will that would contrue an act as moral or ethical. Kant’s normative ethics posits that the best way to act morally is to act from duty with the consideration of the highest good. That is, acting through the moral determination of the will. Kant’s acting through the moral determination of will meant that the motivation of one’s action must be pursued with the good without condition which is intrinsically good by itself. He formulated his deontological ethics in a categorical imperative of doing good for the sake of good regardless of its consequence. The three propositions of moral determination of the will are as follows; Universal Law formulation which is to act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. This means that if one is to act good, that will should not be subjected to any condition or any physical constraints. Humanity or E nd in Itself formulation which posits to act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. This meant the free will is a source of rational action. And that humanity, is not just a result of an action but also the motivation of such action and how the action is carried out. A logical free will should therefore be an end itself because an end is subjective that they needed to be pursued whereas, the rationale action is objective and therefore must be categorically pursued. Kingdom of Ends formulation is the integration of the first two laws that says all maxims as proceeding from our own [hypothetical] making of law ought to harmonize with a possible kingdom of ends. This meant an autonomous will is not subject to anything but it must bind itself to the first two laws to make it applicable to everybody that people by themselves are both a means and an end. In sum, Kingdom of Ends formulation meant that the end and the means must be harmonized to be good and this is applicable to all circumstances without exemption. Kant explained the etymology of the expression of his deontological ethics. According to Kant, imperatives imply what they just meant which are commands such as â€Å"wake up early†. Often they are hypothetical imperative because they only serve a specific objective or purpose such as â€Å"wake up early so you will not be later for work†. This imperative or command becomes categorical when it is applied universally and that the actions and decisions of individuals are to be judged solely by their motivations and that the consequences do not matter morally (as in the case of hypothetical imperative) neither the intended consequences nor the actual consequences matter morally; only the principle or rule we follow if we do the action matters morally. In simpler terms, this meant doing what is good regardless of consequ ence and that by doing is an end by itself. Thus, actions themselves become an end and this action should be a rational result in the exercise of freewill. In the example stated, categorical imperative dictates to â€Å"wake up† early because it is good to wake up early even without considering one’s need not to be late for work. Consistent to this, Kant’s categorical imperative states that every person has the duty to use and exercise his goodness/humanity as a means to an end. The application of Kant’s second law of categorical imper